Saturday, November 30, 2019
Pricing Practices in the Denver, Colorado, Newspaper Market Essay Example
Pricing Practices in the Denver, Colorado, Newspaper Market Paper Beginning with the basics, economics is based on scarcity. Price has no connection to morality or ââ¬Å"objective valueâ⬠. Since everything has a cost, price is therefore a signal of how scarce a good is. The price also tells us how much the good is worth to the marginal consumer. Knowing that firms are greedy and want to maximize profits, the joint operating agreement between the Post and News will lead to one independent newspaper in Denver. If there is only one newspaper, then they are solely responsible for the advertising, circulation, and production. With the merger between two companies, there is obviously no reason to have two editors, two directors of each department, etc. Even the amount of people delivering newspapers will be cut in half. Therefore, jobs are going to be lost with the merge. With only one company, the Denver Newspaper Agency can charge any rate they want for circulation prices and they can increase advertising costs because they are the only newspaper to advertise in. At first, if all the consumers continue to buy newspapers, there will most likely be a shortage in supply. If P1 P*, then QD1 QS1. We will write a custom essay sample on Pricing Practices in the Denver, Colorado, Newspaper Market specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pricing Practices in the Denver, Colorado, Newspaper Market specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pricing Practices in the Denver, Colorado, Newspaper Market specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Therefore, a shortage exists and some consumers have incentive to bid up the price. As price increases, quantity supply increases, and quantity demand decreases. This will continue until equilibrium (P*) is met and the shortage will disappear. At equilibrium QD=QS=Q*, therefore no one has incentive to change behavior. Price remains constant. Figure 1 (attached) shows a graphical explanation. If consumers in Denver decide that the Denver Newspaper Agency is charging too much for a newspaper, then consumers will stop buying the product. If P2 P*, and QS1 QD1, a surplus exists. Firms canââ¬â¢t sell all goods, therefore price decreases, quantity demand increases, and quantity supply decreases. This continues until equilibrium is met again at P*. This relationship is shown in Figure 2. The relationship also explains if The Denver Newspaper Agency tries to charge high prices for advertising. Consumers will stop buying advertisements causing a decrease in quantity demand. Figure 3 shows the demand curve shift right as there would be an increase in consumers for the Denver Newspaper Agency since it would be the only supplier. The graph shows the initial equilibrium where QD1=QS1=Q1. The increase in consumers causes the shift in demand from D1 to D2. At initial price (P1), with new demand curve (D2), QD2 QS2, therefore there is a shortage. Consumers compete for scarce goods and bid up price, so price increases, quantity supply increases, and quantity demand decreases; therefore shortage disappears. This will continue until P* (Pt. B. ) where QS3=QD3=Q3. 2. Price discrimination occurs when the same product is sold at more than one price. In general, managers try to identify submarkets on the basis of an individualââ¬â¢s price elasticity of demand. There are three types of price discrimination: first, second, and third degree. The case of selling classified advertising that varies in price according to the value of the item advertised is an example of the most common form of price discrimination: third-degree price discrimination. This type of discrimination is most popular because although managers would prefer to identify the preferences of individuals, it is too expensive. Instead, they chose the next best alternative. This alternative is to identify individuals with similar traits and group them together. Buyers of the product must fall into specific groups with considerable differences in price elasticity of demand for the product. For example, a newspaper knows that an average person is willing to pay more to advertise a car than to advertise a bicycle. One reason to consider is the ââ¬Å"return on investmentâ⬠. I, personally, would be willing to pay more to advertise my car knowing that I would be making thousands of dollars off the sale. With a bike, it may not be worth it if the return is only a few hundred dollars. Like I mentioned in the previous answer, price has no relation to morality or objective value. Taking an ad out in a newspaper for a funeral is very expensive. However, the newspaper knows that consumers are willing to pay the price because it is one of the easiest ways to get the information out to friends and family in the community. Another reason may be that funeral homes usually take care of all the arrangements, so consumers donââ¬â¢t know how much the newspaper advertisement really cost until they see the bill of the entire funeral broken down. Simply put, the person advertising a funeral has a much less elastic demand than the person advertising a bicycle. The person selling the bicycle has more substitutes. Figure 4 (attached) illustrates third degree price discrimination. 3. Managers practice price discrimination either when they sell physically identical products at different prices or when similar products are sold at prices with different ratios to marginal cost. The strategy works best in markets with various classes of buyers who are differentiated in price elasticities of demand. In order for price discrimination to exist, there has to be two or more distinct groups, the groups must be identifiable, there must be market power, and the good has to be difficult to resell. In the case of airline fares, there are different types of travelers, identifiable groups (business and leisure), and the airline ticket cannot be resold. Once the flight has happened, the experience cannot be shared and the ticket cannot be used again. With local newspapers, there are different types of customers that have different reasons for advertising different items. Once the paper is printed and issued, the advertisement cannot be used again. It cannot be resold. I would argue that the example of airline fares is a better example of price discrimination. It is easier to identify different groups of people traveling than it is to identify different reasons as for why people want an advertisement. The experience of a flight on an airplane cannot be resold. Although an advertisement is only good for the one issue of a newspaper printed, it can still be seen by multiple people in a household or workspace. An airline ticket can only be used by one person. It is also easier to identify passengers as business or leisure. In the case of newspaper advertisements, it is harder to identify groups of people.
Tuesday, November 26, 2019
IST654Project Final 1 Essay
IST654Project Final 1 Essay IST654Project Final 1 Essay IST 654 Project Analysis of Information System for Papa Johnââ¬â¢s Team G-3 Prepared By Na Xue, Pooja Ramalingam, Medha Kalelkar, Xiaofu Liu Table of Contents I. Project Proposal 2 1.1. Business Nature 2 1.2. Clientââ¬â¢s Perceived Needs 2 II. System Requirement Specification 3 2.1Business Overview 3 2.1.1 Business Background 3 2.1.2 Current Problems and Motivation for Analysis 4 2.2Information System Scope 5 2.3 Primary Objectives of the information system 5 2.4 Conclusion 5 III. Analysis of Results 6 3.1ER&EER 6 3.2DFD 7 3.3OOA 9 IV. Conclusion 11 4.1What we have done 11 4.2What we have achieved 12 V. Reflection 13 5.1Problem and difficulties 13 5.2Experience and Lessons Learnt 14 5.3Summary 15 VI. Attachment 17 6.1Forms 18 6.2 Reports 29 6.3 Interaction Worksheets 30 6.4 First Screen showing functions of the system 30 6.5 Minutes of Meeting 31 6.6 Note from the Client 32 1. Project Proposal 1.1 Business Nature Papa Johnââ¬â¢s, retail pizza restaurant was started in 1984 and it aims at delivering pizzas to customers all around the globe. Papa Johnââ¬â¢s offers a wide range of pizzas and customers can also customize the pizza as per their liking. The customers can place order by calling up the store or by visiting the Papa Johnââ¬â¢s official website or its third party vendor websites namely www.eatstreet.com and www.grubhub.com. It takes individual as well as bulk orders. Apart from pizzas, Papa Johnââ¬â¢s also sells beverages, garlic bread and cookies. The mission of Papa Johnââ¬â¢s is to consistently please its loyal customers and to attract new customers by providing high quality food and quick delivery service. Website:papajohns.com/index.html Contact: Mike Redmonal (Cell Phone No: 315 474-7272, Email Id: mredmond1103@gmail.com) 1.2 Clientââ¬â¢s Perceived Needs Our client spoke highly of the POS system, which could be operated easily and meet almost all of their requirements. However, the client mentioned that he would like to include some additional features in the system. Therefore, the client expects our group can perform a detailed analysis of the current system. The analysis report should contain the business analysis (the business rules, business system interfaces and business function), requirement analysis (system I/O description, user requirement definition, functional and security requirement), data analysis (data collection process, data validation, data storage, manipulation and retrieval) and process analysis (data flow analysis, process decomposition and system interfaces). Besides the client encouraged us to find overheads in the existing system and try to improve its functionality. Therefore, our project is to help Papa Johnââ¬â¢s identify and analyze its business process for system implementation using three analysis methods including Data Flow Diagram (DFD), Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) and Unified Modeling Language (UML). 2. System Requirement Specification 2.1 Business Overview 2.1.1 Business Background Papa John's International, Inc was founded in 1984. It operates and franchises pizza delivery and carryout restaurants and, in certain international markets, dine-in and delivery restaurants. It is considered as the fourth largest take-out and delivery pizza restaurant chain in the United States. As of December 29, 2013, the company operated 4,428 Papa John's restaurants, consisting of 723 company-owned and 3,705 franchised restaurants operating domestically in all 50 states and in 34 countries. The company operates through five segments: domestic company-owned restaurant, domestic commissaries (quality control centers), North America franchising, international operations, and all other. The all other segment consists of printing and promotional items, risk management services, and information systems and related services used in restaurant operations, including the online and other technology-driven ordering platforms. 2.1.2 Current Problems and Motivation for Analysis The project group
Friday, November 22, 2019
Boxer Rebellion Timeline in China
Boxer Rebellion Timeline in China At the turn of the 20th century, intense social pressure due to increasing foreign influence in Qing China led to an upsurge of participation in the Righteous Harmony Society Movement (Yihetuan), called the Boxers by foreign observers. From their base in drought-ravaged northern China, the Boxers spread across the country, attacking foreign missionaries, diplomats, and traders, as well as Chinese Christian converts. By the time it ended, the Boxer Rebellion had claimed almost 50,000 lives. Background to the Boxer Rebellion 1807: First Protestant Christian missionary arrives in China from the London Missionary Society.1835-36: Daoguang Emperor expels missionaries for distributing Christian books.1839-42: First Opium War, Britain imposes an unequal treaty on China and takes Hong Kong.1842: Treaty of Nanjing provides extraterritorial rights to all foreigners in China - they are no longer subject to Chinese law.The 1840s: Western Christian missionaries flood into China.1850-64: Christian convert Hong Xiuquan leads to bloody Taiping Rebellion against the Qing Dynasty.1856-60: Second Opium War; Britain and France defeat China and impose harsh Treaties of Tientsin.1894-95: First Sino-Japanese War, former tributary Japan defeats China and takes Korea.Nov. 1, 1897: Juye Incident, armed men kill two Germans at missionary home in Shandong Province, northern China.Nov. 14, 1897: German Kaiser Wilhelm II sends a fleet to Shandong, urges them to take no prisoners like Attila and the Huns.1897-98: Drought followed by flooding strikes Shandong, causing widespread misery. The Boxers Rebel 1898: Young men in Shandong form Righteous Fist groups, practicing martial arts and traditional spiritualism.June 11-Sept. 21, 1898: Hundred Days Reform, Emperor Guangxu tries to quickly modernize China.Sept. 21, 1898: On the verge of handing over sovereignty to Japan, Guangxu is stopped and goes into internal exile. Empress Dowager Cixi rules in his name.Oct. 1898: Boxers attack Liyuantun villages Catholic church, converted from a temple to the Jade Emperor.Jan. 1900: Empress Dowager Cixi rescinds condemnation of Boxers, issues letter of support.Jan-May, 1900: Boxers storm through the countryside, burning churches, killing missionaries and converts.May 30, 1900: British Minister Claude MacDonald requests defense force for Beijing foreign legations; Chinese allow 400 troops from eight nations into capital. The Rebellion Reaches Beijing Jun 5, 1900: Boxers cut railroad line at Tianjin, isolating Beijing.June 13, 1900: First Boxer appears in Beijings Legation (diplomatic) Quarter.June 13, 1900: Pro-Boxer General Dong Fuxians troops kill Japanese diplomat Sugiyama Akira.June 14, 1900: German Minister Clemens von Ketteler arrests and summarily executes a young boy he suspects of being a Boxer.June 14, 1900: Thousands of angry Boxers storm Beijing and burn Christian churches in response to boys murder.June 16, 1900: Empress Dowager Cixi and Emperor Guangxu hold council meeting, decide to fully support Boxers.June 19, 1900: Qing government sends messengers to offer foreign legation members safe passage out of Beijing; instead, the foreigners shoot the messengers dead.June 20, 1900: Manchu Bannerman Captain En Hai kills Minister von Ketteler in a melee to avenge the murdered Boxer boy. Siege of the Legations June 20-Aug. 14, 1900: Boxers and Chinese Imperial Army besiege legations sheltering 473 foreign civilians, 400 foreign soldiers, and approximately 3,000 Chinese Christians.June 21, 1900: Empress Dowager Cixi declares war against the foreign powers.June 22-23, 1900: Chinese set fire to parts of Legation district; priceless Hanlin Academy library burns.June 30, 1900: Chinese force Germans from a position atop Tartar Wall overlooking legations, but Americans hold the position.July 3, 1900: 56 US, British and Russian soldiers on Tartar Wall launch a 2 am a surprise attack, kill 20 Chinese soldiers, and drive survivors from the wall.July 9, 1900: Outside of Beijing; Shanxi Province governor executes 44 missionary families (men, women, and children) after offering them asylum at Taiyuan. Victims of Taiyuan Massacre become martyrs in eyes of Chinese Christians.July 13-14, 1900: Also 120 km (75 miles) outside Beijing, Battle of Tientsin (Tianjin); Eight-Nations relief force besieges Boxer-h eld city, 550 Boxers and 250 foreigners killed. Foreign troops (especially Germans and Russians) rampage through city afterward, looting, raping and killing civilians, while Japanese and Americans try to restrain them. July 13, 1900: In Beijing, Chinese set off a mine under French Legation, force French and Austrians to shelter in British compound.July 13, 1900: Advancing Chinese drive Japanese and Italian troops to precarious last defense line at Prince Sus palace.July 16, 1900: Australian journalist George Morrison injured and British Captain Strouts killed by Chinese snipers.July 16, 1900: London Daily Mail publishes aà report that all legation besieged had been massacred, including mercy killing of women and children, Russians boiled to death in oil, etc. The story was false, fabricated by a reporter in Shanghai.July 17, 1900: Eight-Nations relief force lands on the coast, begins the march to BeijingJuly 17, 1900: Qing government declares a cease-fire on legations.August 13, 1900: Chinese end cease-fire, bombard legations as foreign rescue force approaches capital.August 14, 1900: Relief force lifts the siege on legations, forgets to relieve besieged Catholic North Cathedral until August 16.A ugust 15, 1900: Empress Dowager Cixi and Emperor Guangxu escape Forbidden City dressed as peasants, go on inspection tour to ââ¬â¹theà ancient capital of Xian (formerly Changan) in Shaanxi Province. Aftermath Sept. 7, 1900: Qing officials sign Boxer Protocol, agree to pay huge war reparations over 40 years.Sept. 21, 1900: Russian troops seize Jilin and occupy Manchuria, moves that will spark 1904-05 Russo-Japanese Warââ¬â¹.Jan. 1902: Empress Dowager Cixi and Emperor Guangxu return to Beijing from Xian and resume control of the governmentââ¬â¹.1905: Empress Dowager Cixi abolishes imperial examination system for training bureaucrats in favor of western-style university system, part of an attempt at sweeping modernizationââ¬â¹.Nov. 14-15, 1908: Emperor Guangxu dies of arsenic poisoning, followed the next day by Empress Dowager Cixiââ¬â¹.Feb. 12, 1912: Qing Dynasty falls to Sun Yat-sen; formal abdication by Last Emperor Puyi.
Thursday, November 21, 2019
Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words
Essay Example In addition to that, the fair ââ¬â trade movement promotes securing the rights of the marginalised sectors from the developing nations (EFTA, 2006). Indeed, the fair ââ¬â trade movement has been one of the most constant and most unwavering criticisms of the World Bank and International Monetary Fundââ¬â¢s (IMF) policies of deregulating barriers to trade. It is the case that the effectiveness of both the World Bank and the IMF are criticised because of its failure to further stand for the concerns of the developing world, including the interests for greater equity in trade (Share the Worldââ¬â¢s Resources (STWR), no date). Nonetheless, both these Bretton Woods Institutions together with the fair ââ¬â trade movement are supposedly means to reduce the poverty occurring globally. With the contextualisation of the background of this research investigation, basically, the paradoxical function of fair ââ¬â trade movement is observed. ... On the one hand, another vantage point proposes that this fair ââ¬â trade does constitute a real alternative to the ââ¬Å"Washington Consensusâ⬠. Given this contradicting points of view, this paper considers the need to critically review, analyse, understand and explain what really the role of the fair ââ¬â trade it serves. Meanwhile, this paper mainly delves at discussing the function of the fair ââ¬â trade movement in relation to World Bank and IMF. In order to further understand the focus of this paper, it intends to specifically obtain the following information. First, it points out to establishing what the functions of the World Bank and IMF are. Second, it seeks to grasp an understanding of the Washington Consensus. Third, it wants to analytically determine how the fair ââ¬â trade movement is currently doing between the developed and developing nations. Through rooting out and analysing such data, it can finally discuss whether fair ââ¬â trade is an ex tension of World Bank and IMFââ¬â¢s policies or if it constitutes a real alternative to the Washington Consensus. It is the case that there have been so many attempts in stating and assessing the functions and aims of fair ââ¬â trade, World Bank, IMF and Washington Consensus in the context of development. It is in this regard why this paper is of significance. This paper is of importance because development is so much a relevant concept not only in the field of sociology but really in every part of the world especially that of the developing ones. By means of development, fair ââ¬â trade, World Bank, IMF and Washington Consensus are really opportunities to achieve development especially among the disadvantaged nations. Review of Related Literatures This section of the paper will first present a
Tuesday, November 19, 2019
Property and its Economic Explanation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Property and its Economic Explanation - Essay Example In the exercise of property rights, potential conflicts can be prevented as in striking a bargain (Muthoo 2000). Indeed, the common law is efficient, but the law generated by the institutions of private property can also be efficient, however with limitations (Friedman 1996). Creating a system of clear, workable property rights facilitates voluntary exchange and ensures that property rights will end up in the hands of those who value them most (Ayres and Talley 1995) Property is a "bundle of rights." The owner is free to exercise the rights over his or her property. Others, meaning private persons and the government, are forbidden to interfere with the owner's exercise of his or her rights. Traditionally, that bundle of rights includes: 1) control use of the property, 2) benefit from the property, for example rights and rent, 3) transfer or sell the property, and 4) exclude others from the property (Krauss 1999). The two major justifications of original property, or homesteading, are said to be effort and scarcity. John Locke emphasized effort, or "mixing your labour" with an object, while Benjamin Tucker preferred to look at the purpose of property in answer to solving the scarcity problem. Only when something is relatively scarce do they become property, he said. Economically scarce means necessarily having exclusivity property or that use by one person excludes others from using it (Ibid). III. Bargaining Theory Bargaining theory in property has to do with bargaining principles and their application to a significantly large variety of real-life situations, leading to efficiency and equitable distribution of gains (Muthoo 1999). In the former, the players may fail to reach an agreement, or they may do so but only after some costly delay. In the latter, gains from cooperation are divided between the players. A player's cost from bargaining is said to be derived from the time-consuming nature of bargaining and the importance of time to the player (Ibid). Some of the fundamental principles expounded in bargaining theory are the following (Muthoo 2000): Patience during the process of negotiations confers bargaining power, while risk aversion affects it adversely. Meanwhile, a player's outside option enhances her bargaining power if and only if it is attractive and therefore credible. Hence, bargaining power is higher the larger her inside option, provided that all negotiators' outside options are not attractive enough. If both negotiators' outside options are sufficiently attractive, then it is likely that gains from cooperation may not exist (Ibid). Further, when both the costs of negotiators' backing down from their initial demands are sufficiently large, then the negotiations may lead into a stalemate. A player's bargaining power is higher the larger her cost of backing down from her initial demand. In the absence of knowledge of relevant information on the ongoing negotiations which the other party does, there is risk of failure of negotiations or of costly delay until that uninformed party is communicated of the relevant information. Knowledge is veritable power in negotiations and enhances the bargaining strength of the better informed (Muthoo 1999). In bargaining, procedure and format of negotiations matter,
Saturday, November 16, 2019
President of India and Equal Rights Essay Example for Free
President of India and Equal Rights Essay First of all youth need to have strong character which need to be based on a catch word watch, standing for people who watch their Words (W), Actions (A), Thoughts (T), First of all the youth should fight for equal rights for all the citizens. Even now, there are lots of people who do not get equal rights. India should have youth politicians and they should live in clean democracy and let others also to live in corruption free India as India is now full of corruption. We see lots of news related to corruption each day. In the present day the burning topic is Black Money, but is the answer in getting the money back or is it important to eradicate the root cause from where this comes? In this fashion the problems need to be addressed. The youth should not get swayed away by lucrative political slogans, this is what the meaning of watch à is all about. There is great responsibility on the shoulders of youth in abolishing corruption. They should also empower the masses to fight for their rights. Nowadays the youth brains of India are working as brains for other countries looking for great salaries . The youth should work for the development of their own country. So looking for jobs within the country is a great thing for realizing the dreams of Dr. Kalam. The youth should involve in the social issues like those. So the youth should take part in promoting national integration. As I said before, all should have equal rights and responsibilities as a citizen of india. So the youth should take part in empowering women to participate equally in all fields for the development of our country..
Thursday, November 14, 2019
Geography and Biodiversity of Acre in Brazil :: Geology
Acre is the Westernmost Brazilian state, and neighbor to Amazonas and Rondà ´nia, spanning about 55,000 square miles. Its capital Rio Branco is home to the 288, 907 of the total 438,489 denizens (1996). The whole of Acre is contained within the Amazon Basin and 93% of it is tropical rain forest. Notwithstanding the great extent of deforestation, the biodiversity of Acre and the surrounding Amazon Basin remains extensive; there are the mammoth trees, countless species of palm trees, vines, bushes, ferns; there are copaà ba, Brazil-nuts, various fruits such as cupuaà §u and graviola; species of insects, fish, the parrots, araras and other birds, so rare that scientists have yet to describe them; there are cicadas, caimans, the rays, the land-and sweet-water turtles, tapirs, the monkeys, and jaguars. First Rubber Tappers The first upsurge of immigration to the Brazilian Amazon resulted from the European and North American industries' need for rubber at the end of the 19th century. "Seringalistas " as the owners of the new rubber companies, would acquire huge areas of the Brazilian rain forest in order to extract the raw material for the rubber (the latex from the rubber trees). This "rubber boom," which brought wealth to the cities of Belem and Manaus, was eliminated with the British rubber production in Malaysia. Therefore, many of the Seringalistas went bankrupt and returned to the northeast. Once again this condition was reversed during the Second World War, when the Japanese, who were allied with the Germans, usurped the Malaysian plantations. In order to conduct war one must have a supply of rubber, so rubber was once again in high demand in order to supply the allies against the Germans with rubber. People from northeast Brazil returned to extract rubber, which caused the second wave of immigration from the northeast. This time the flood of people was termed the "rubber soldiers" because they had the choice either to go to war against the Germans or become rubber tappers (people who extract latex sap trees and later dry the sap to create rubber). Development of the Amazon Brazil had an uncharted frontier to conquer, but the Amazon was in the way. So the Brazilian government resolved to encourage the clearing of forests and the conversion of previous forestland to pastures via tax benefits and direct subsidies. "With government subsidy in one hand and a chain saw in the other, ranchers and colonists advanced over the rain forest at a frightening pace," felling and burning 23,000 square kilometers (8,880 sq. Geography and Biodiversity of Acre in Brazil :: Geology Acre is the Westernmost Brazilian state, and neighbor to Amazonas and Rondà ´nia, spanning about 55,000 square miles. Its capital Rio Branco is home to the 288, 907 of the total 438,489 denizens (1996). The whole of Acre is contained within the Amazon Basin and 93% of it is tropical rain forest. Notwithstanding the great extent of deforestation, the biodiversity of Acre and the surrounding Amazon Basin remains extensive; there are the mammoth trees, countless species of palm trees, vines, bushes, ferns; there are copaà ba, Brazil-nuts, various fruits such as cupuaà §u and graviola; species of insects, fish, the parrots, araras and other birds, so rare that scientists have yet to describe them; there are cicadas, caimans, the rays, the land-and sweet-water turtles, tapirs, the monkeys, and jaguars. First Rubber Tappers The first upsurge of immigration to the Brazilian Amazon resulted from the European and North American industries' need for rubber at the end of the 19th century. "Seringalistas " as the owners of the new rubber companies, would acquire huge areas of the Brazilian rain forest in order to extract the raw material for the rubber (the latex from the rubber trees). This "rubber boom," which brought wealth to the cities of Belem and Manaus, was eliminated with the British rubber production in Malaysia. Therefore, many of the Seringalistas went bankrupt and returned to the northeast. Once again this condition was reversed during the Second World War, when the Japanese, who were allied with the Germans, usurped the Malaysian plantations. In order to conduct war one must have a supply of rubber, so rubber was once again in high demand in order to supply the allies against the Germans with rubber. People from northeast Brazil returned to extract rubber, which caused the second wave of immigration from the northeast. This time the flood of people was termed the "rubber soldiers" because they had the choice either to go to war against the Germans or become rubber tappers (people who extract latex sap trees and later dry the sap to create rubber). Development of the Amazon Brazil had an uncharted frontier to conquer, but the Amazon was in the way. So the Brazilian government resolved to encourage the clearing of forests and the conversion of previous forestland to pastures via tax benefits and direct subsidies. "With government subsidy in one hand and a chain saw in the other, ranchers and colonists advanced over the rain forest at a frightening pace," felling and burning 23,000 square kilometers (8,880 sq.
Monday, November 11, 2019
Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms While Countering Terrorism Essay
1. Reaffirms that States must ensure any measure taken to combat terrorism, complies with their obligations under international law, in particular international human rights, refugee and humanitarian law not limited to, A. Torture, punishment and any other methods in which the condition of prisoners is worsened, B. Abuse of women and the use of child soldiers in order to create more man power; 2. Expresses serious concern at the occurrence of violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms, as well as of international refugee and humanitarian law, committed in the context of countering terrorism. 3. Also reaffirms the obligation of States, in accordance with article 4 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights to C. Respect certain rights as non-derogatory in any circumstances, recalls, in regard to all other Covenant rights, D. That any measures derogating from the provisions of the Covenant must be in accordance with that article in all cases, E. Underlines the exceptional and temporary nature of any such derogations, and in this regard calls upon States to raise awareness about the importance of these obligations among national authorities involved in combating terrorism; 4. Urges States, while countering terrorism: F. To fully comply with their obligations under international law, i. In particular international human rights, refugee and humanitarian law, ii. With regard to the absolute prohibition of torture and cruelty, inhumane or degrading treatment or punishment; G. To take all steps necessary to ensure that persons deprived of liberty, regardless of the place of arrest or detention, benefit from the guarantees to which they are entitled under international law, including the review of the detention and other fundamental judicial guarantees; H. To treat all prisoners in all places of detention in accordance with international law, including international human rights and humanitarian law; I. To protect all human rights, including economic, social and cultural rights, bearing in mind that certain counter-terrorism measures may have an impact on the benefits of these rights; J. To ensure that laws criminalizing acts of terrorism are accessible, formulated with precision, non-discriminatory, non-retroactive and in accordance with international law, including human rights law; K. To shape, review and implement of all counter-terrorism measures in accordance with the principles of gender equality and non-discrimination; 5. Welcomes the entry into force of the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, L. The implementation of which will make a significant contribution in support of the rule of law in countering terrorism, M. Including by prohibiting places of secret detention, N. Encourages all States that have not yet done so to consider signing, ratifying or acceding to the Convention; 6. Calls upon the United Nations entities involved in supporting counter-terrorism efforts to continue to facilitate the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, as well as due process and the rule of law, while countering terrorism; 7. Urges States, while ensuring full compliance with their international obligations, to ensure the rule of law and to include adequate human rights guarantees in their national procedures for the listing of individuals and entities with a view to combating terrorism; 8. Calls upon States and other relevant actors, as appropriate, to continue to implement the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy, which, inter alia, reaffirms respect for human rights for all and the rule of law as the fundamental basis of the fight against terrorism; 9. Calls upon international, regional and sub-regional organizations to strengthen information-sharing, coordination and cooperation in promoting the protection of human rights, fundamental freedoms and the rule of law while countering terrorism; 10. Urges relevant United Nations bodies and entities and international, regional and sub-regional organizations, including the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, within its mandate related to the prevention and suppression of terrorism, to step up their efforts to provide, upon request, technical assistance for building the capacity of Member States in the development and implementation of programs of assistance and support for victims of terrorism in accordance with relevant national legislation; 11. Encourages relevant United Nations bodies and entities and international, regional and sub-regional organizations, O. In particular those participating in the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force, which provide technical assistance, upon request, consistent with their mandates, related to the prevention and suppression of terrorism, P. To step up their efforts to ensure respect for international human rights, refugee and humanitarian law, as well as the rule of law, as an element of technical assistance, including the adoption and implementation of legislative and other measures by States; 12. Hopes to be actively engaged in this matter.
Saturday, November 9, 2019
ââ¬ÅDoes this Milkshake Taste Funny?ââ¬Â Essay
The major players in this case study are George Stein and Paul Burnham with regards to their employment at Eastern Dairy. The major issues at play relate to poor business planning, improper management, lack of ethics (decisions made by George and Paul) and social responsibility (the possible health issues of related to the contaminated products). Analysis of the Issues and Players In this case, there are several instances of poor management including but not limited to: lack of proper training, accountability and adherence to manufacturing industry standards, etc. A company as large as Eastern dairy should have a manager on site and more than 4 employees for the night shift, especially given how critical the night shift is in meeting production needs. The soâ⬠called ââ¬Å"leaderâ⬠of the group, Paul is worried about going home early and the cost impact to the company if product needs are not met for one night. Paulââ¬â¢s decision to ignore the issue puts George in an extremely difficult situation. Another problem to note is the management in many corporations today. All too often, employees have selfâ⬠serving motives and conflicts of interest that essentially stems from culture of the organization and how it operates. When George initially brings the issue to Paul, we learn quickly from Paulââ¬â¢s demeanor that he had encountered the problem in the past and
Thursday, November 7, 2019
Racõ, Gõndõr and Class in Dramas and Sitcoms
Racà µ, Gà µndà µr and Class in Dramas and Sitcoms Racà µ, Gà µndà µr and Class in Dramas and Sitcoms Modà µrn tà µlà µvision programs and sà µrià µs cà µrtainly diffà µr from thà µ shows that wà µrà µ producà µd fiftà µÃ µn yà µars ago Thà µ fà µminist thought has bà µÃ µn incorporatà µd in a numbà µr of socià µtys fià µlds, including altà µrà µd vidà µo and TV rà µprà µsà µntation of womà µn. Thà µy arà µ no longà µr shown as housà µwivà µs only; mà µn havà µ finally startà µd trà µating womà µn as à µquals, giving up part of thà µir dominancà µ in favor of fà µmalà µs. Tà µlà µvision was quick to spot such changà µs in thà µ pà µrcà µption of womà µn and bà µgan producing programs that projà µctà µd a nà µw and diffà µrà µnt imagà µ of a woman strong, succà µssful, indà µpà µndà µnt, and bà µautiful. This papà µr, by comparing and contrasting Ally McBà µal and Sà µx and thà µ City, considà µrs thà µ ways in which fà µminist discoursà µs havà µ bà µÃ µn incorporatà µd into modà µrn TV drama, with a particular focus on how racà µ, gà µndà µr, and class arà µ portrayà µd and what stà µrà µotypà µs arà µ still usà µd in contà µmporary tà µlà µvision. For Homà µ Box Officà µ, thà µ makà µrs of Sà µx and thà µ City (1998-2004), this altà µrà µd pà µrcà µption of womà µn has bà µÃ µn usà µd succà µssfully to à µnhancà µ both its visibility and its rà µputation in a contà µxt whà µrà µ cablà µ tà µlà µvision had to strugglà µ to gain any status at all. In 2001 Sà µx and thà µ City won thà µ Primà µtimà µ Ãâ¢mmy Award for Outstanding Comà µdy Sà µrià µs - thà µ first timà µ a cablà µ TV show has à µvà µr takà µn top honors for bà µst sà µrià µs in any catà µgory and sincà µ thà µn it has bà µÃ µn showà µrà µd with mà µdals. Its succà µss has bà µÃ µn achià µvà µd by innovation to addrà µss a nichà µ markà µt. It has a wholà µ channà µl addrà µssà µd to womà µn: HBO Signaturà µ, smart, sophisticatà µd à µntà µrtainmà µnt for womà µn (Whà µlà µhan 2000). Thà µ crà µation of a succà µssful brand in a compà µtitivà µ markà µt dà µpà µnds on thà µ ability to innovatà µ within a pattà µrn of strong fà µaturà µs to crà µatà µ a rà µcognizablà µ idà µntity for a product that appà µals to a commà µrcially attractivà µ audià µncà µ. Thà µ novà µlty of Sà µx and thà µ City lià µs in thà µ adaptation of a woman-cà µntà µrà µd and à µxplicit sà µxual discoursà µ into tà µlà µvision drama, à µnablà µd by thà µ diffà µrà µntiatà µd tastà µ culturà µs of a modà µrn à µnvironmà µnt. Thà µ succà µss of this drama is largà µly duà µ to thà µ HBOs ability to mà µÃ µt thà µ altà µrà µd dà µmands of vià µwà µrs for thà µ nà µw typà µ of a show, portraying succà µssful, sà µxy, and indà µpà µndà µnt womà µn. Onà µ yà µar bà µforà µ Sà µx and thà µ City camà µ to scrà µÃ µns, thà µ fà µminization of TV sà µrià µs was rà µflà µctà µd in a là µgal drama titlà µd Ally McBà µal (Fox 1997-2003). Ally McBà µal rà µlià µd on thà µ à µxploitation of thà µ plà µasurà µs associatà µd with thà µ masculinà µ, public world of work and thà µ fà µminizà µd, privatà µ world of pà µrsonal rà µlationships (Nà µlson 2000; 2001a). This allowà µd an à µngagà µmà µnt with fà µminist issuà µs arising from womà µns rà µlation to thà µ law and to work. A focus on womà µn as protagonists, whosà µ actions drivà µ thà µ narrativà µ, rà µplacà µd thà µ narrow rangà µ of rolà µs availablà µ prà µviously to womà µn char actà µrs in thà µsà µ gà µnrà µs (Whà µlà µhan 2000). Gà µndà µr is not thà µ only thà µmà µ à µxploità µd by TV nà µtworks: motifs of racà µ and class also appà µar frà µquà µntly in such dramas as Ally McBà µal. This drama illustratà µd, if not introducà µd, a nà µw stà µrà µotypà µ that of a singlà µ and unhappy woman longing to form rà µlationships with a man; and not bà µing contà µnt with hà µr rolà µ as a succà µssful but unmarrià µd woman. Robin Nà µlson (2001a, p. 43) dà µscribà µs Ally McBà µals flà µxi-narrativà µ form as combining convà µntions from comà µdy, pop vidà µo, mà µlodrama and court room dramas, which producà µs a complà µxity of tonà µ and point of vià µw that activà µly prà µcludà µs a stablà µ vià µwing position. Ally hà µrsà µlf is doublà µ codà µd ... at oncà µ an indà µpà µndà µnt profà µssional woman in chargà µ of hà µr dà µstiny and a vulnà µrablà µ wifà µ likà µ figurà µ waiting for Mr. Right to comà µ along (Nà µlson, 2001a, p. 43). Throu gh its blurring of thà µ boundarià µs bà µtwà µÃ µn work and privatà µ lifà µ this sà µrià µs dà µcrà µasà µs thà µ gap bà µtwà µÃ µn malà µs and fà µmalà µs, but it fails to prà µsà µnt thà µsà µ as mutually à µxclusivà µ catà µgorià µs (Mosà µlà µy and Rà µad 2002). Thà µ show constantly rà µturns to fà µminist issuà µs in its là µgal casà µs sà µxual harassmà µnt is a rà µcurring issuà µ but thà µ gains madà µ by fà µminist activism arà µ somà µtimà µs criticizà µd for having gonà µ too far: thà µ comic modà µ opà µns thà µm to ridiculà µ (Mosà µlà µy and Rà µad 2002). Similarly, Allys mà µlodramatic naturà µ implià µs that shà µ nà µÃ µds and sà µÃ µks malà µ protà µction in hà µr lifà µ Shà µ doà µsnt simply fit into a malà µ-cà µntà µrà µd workplacà µ focusà µd on rationality. In fact, hà µr à µmotional à µxcà µss bà µcomà µs thà µ dominant officà µ codà µ for hà µr malà µ collà µaguà µs as wà µll. In thà µ walls of thà µ unisà µx toilà µt, pà µoplà µ considà µr thà µir own and othà µr pà µoplà µs facà µs as thà µy work through thà µir livà µs. Thà µy somà µtimà µs ovà µrhà µar a sà µcrà µt convà µrsation from bà µhind thà µ walls. It is thà µ spacà µ whà µrà µ thà µ failurà µ to dividà µ masculinà µ and fà µmininà µ is powà µrfully symbolizà µd. It is hà µrà µ that thà µ public and privatà µ, thà µ pà µrsonal and thà µ profà µssional convà µrgà µ almost fully, là µaving a woman dà µvastatà µd and unablà µ to find hà µrsà µlf in this malà µ-dominatà µd world. Although it sharà µs Ally McBà µals incorporation of fà µminist thà µmà µs and its focus on thà µ hà µtà µrosà µxual, whità µ, mà µtropolitan, carà µÃ µr woman, Sà µx and thà µ City is và µry diffà µrà µnt from this drama. Diffà µrà µncà µs arisà µ from thà µ conditions of its production and distribution as nichà µ markà µt that à µncouragà µs a division bà µtwà µÃ µn mà µns and womà µns programming (Compainà µ and Gomà µry 2000, p. 524). Sà µx and thà µ City draws on thà µ fà µmininà µ addrà µss à µstablishà µd in womà µns glossy magazinà µs with thà µir consumà µr-orià µntà µd advicà µ on bà µauty and fashion and on sà µxual rà µlationships. This altà µrs thà µ trà µnd towards thà µ unification of masculinà µ and fà µmininà µ gà µnrà µs that was prà µvalà µnt in à µarlià µr TV dramas of thà µ 1990s. In thà µ fà µminist thought thà µ rights of womà µn to work outsidà µ thà µ homà µ and to bà µ ablà µ to compà µtà µ on à µqual tà µrms with mà µn havà µ bà µÃ µn always a cà µntral onà µ. In most dà µvà µlopà µd à µconomià µs not only do womà µn now makà µ up morà µ than 50 pà µr cà µnt of thà µ workforcà µ, but also thà µy arà µ working in carà µÃ µrs prà µviously dominatà µd by mà µn (Nà µlson 2001b). In modà µrn world, howà µvà µr, fà µmalà µs arà µ bà µlià µvà µd to quà µstion whà µthà µr it was worth it, adding to thà µ mà µntionà µd abovà µ stà µrà µotypà µ of a succà µssful, but unhappy singlà µ woman. Such sà µrià µs as Sà µx and thà µ City form a vià µw that thà µ pà µrsonal cost for profà µssional womà µn of compà µting in a mans world is rà µprà µsà µntà µd as making it morà µ difficult to find a man to marry. Thà µ à µmotional difficulty this causà µs is closà µly linkà µd to thà µ ticking biological clock that makà µs womà µn in thà µir thirtià µs thà µ particular focus for thà µsà µ concà µrns (Whà µlà µhan 2000). In fictional và µrsions of this discoursà µ thà µ à µmotional tonà µ tà µnds towards mà µlodrama, with thà µ à µmphasis on thà µ impossibility of a woman gà µtting what shà µ wants - shà µ is a failing figurà µ. Altà µrnativà µly, thà µ tonà µ is comà µdic, whà µrà µ thà µ dilà µmma of thà µ thirty-somà µthing singlà µ girl is a sign of hà µr inadà µquacy as a woman (Whà µlà µhan 2000). It has bà µÃ µn arguà µd that thà µ unhappy carà µÃ µr woman is part of thà µ plan dà µsignà µd to dà µlivà µr womà µn to thà µ advà µrtisà µrs: thà µsà µ arà µ thà µ womà µn who havà µ disposablà µ incomà µ and thà µ dissatisfaction that drivà µs consumption (Whà µlà µhan 2000). Altà µrnativà µly, it can bà µ sà µÃ µn as a rà µsponsà µ to a fà µminist stratà µgy of sà µÃ µking à µquality with (rathà µr than valuing womà µns diffà µrà µncà µ from) mà µn. In thà µsà µ tà µrms, modà µrn fà µminist thought is a nà µcà µssary mà µasurà µ to propà µrly dà µscribà µ thà µ diffà µrà µncà µ bà µtwà µÃ µn thà µ public and privatà µ sphà µrà µs of womà µns livà µs (Hollows 2000). In thà µ womà µn-cà µntà µrà µd drama of modà µrn tà µlà µvision, thà µ division bà µtwà µÃ µn thà µ work and thà µ domà µstic sphà µrà µ that prà µvà µnts womà µn from having it all has bà µcomà µ blurrà µd. This is achià µvà µd in Sà µx and thà µ City bà µcausà µ thà µ world of work largà µly disappà µars from vià µw, although thà µ womà µns autonomy from mà µn is undà µrwrittà µn by thà µir à µconomic indà µpà µndà µncà µ. Work is brought into thà µ privatà µ sphà µrà µ and bà µcomà µs anothà µr form of sà µlf-à µxprà µssion, alongsidà µ consumption, thà µrà µby illustrating anothà µr difficulty facà µd by thà µ modà µrn womà µn. Sà µx lifà µ of thà µ sà µrià µs cà µntral charactà µr, Carrià µ, and thosà µ of hà µr frià µnds, act as rà µsà µarch for hà µr wà µÃ µkly nà µwspapà µr column, which shà µ writà µs from homà µ. Samantha works in public rà µlations, a job whà µrà µ hà µr physical attractions and pà µrsonal charm arà µ intrinsic to hà µr succà µss. Charlottà µ managà µs an art gallà µry in a mannà µr that suggà µsts it is morà µ of a hobby. This doà µs indà µÃ µd rà µflà µct thà µ changing naturà µ of work in which flà µxiblà µ working and knowlà µdgà µ-basà µd carà µÃ µrs havà µ rà µducà µd thà µ sà µparation of thà µ public and privatà µ sphà µrà µs. Only Miranda fà µÃ µls thà µ contradiction bà µtwà µÃ µn hà µr privatà µ lifà µ and hà µr carà µÃ µr succà µss as a lawyà µr, whà µrà µ long hours and a compà µtitivà µ à µnvironmà µnt conflict with hà µr lifà µ as a singlà µ mothà µr in latà µr sà µasons of thà µ show. Thà µ main à µxpà µctation is that modà µrn TV drama will bà µ about singlà µ womà µn wanting to gà µt marrià µd Sà µx and thà µ City was initially markà µtà µd as such to fà µÃ µd into thosà µ à µxpà µctations. Thà µ vidà µo ad for thà µ first sà µason statà µs Sà µxy, hip, smart and sassy, Sà µx and thà µ City charts thà µ livà µs and lovà µs of four womà µn and thà µir quà µst to find thà µ onà µ thing that à µludà µs thà µm all a rà µal, satisfying and lasting rà µlationship. Is such a thing possiblà µ in Nà µw York? (Hollows 2000) Yà µt, unlikà µ in à µarlià µr sà µrià µs, in Sà µx and thà µ City thà µ singlà µ womà µns unhappinà µss isnt rà µprà µsà µntà µd as womà µn choosing a carà µÃ µr ovà µr a man. Of thà µ four womà µn only Charlottà µ is clà µar in hà µr dà µsirà µ to gà µt marrià µd, but shà µ is quickly disillusionà µd whà µn shà µ doà µs. Thà µ traditional romancà µ narrativà µ is still thà µrà µ but as a slightly old-fashionà µd và µrsion of fà µmininity that doà µsnt work in practicà µ (Nà µlson 2001b). Charlottà µs bà µlià µf in romancà µ is undà µrcut by hà µr nà µw husbands impotà µncà µ on thà µir wà µdding night and hà µr discovà µry that hà µ can bà µ arousà µd only by a porn magazinà µ in thà µ bathroom (Nà µlson 2001b). Whà µn Carrià µ and frià µnds visit a formà µr Nà µw Yorkà µr for hà µr baby showà µr thà µy arà µnt shown à µnvying thà µ woman hà µr homà µ in thà µ country, hà µr husband and hà µr coming ba by - instà µad it accà µntuatà µs thà µ gap that sà µparatà µs thà µm from hà µr - and thà µy rà µturn to thà µir singlà µ livà µs in Nà µw York with a hugà µ sigh of rà µlià µf. Miranda doà µs finally marry hà µr babys fathà µr in thà µ final sà µason of thà µ show, and, with grà µat misgivings, buys a housà µ in Brooklyn. In thà µ final à µpisodà µ Carrià µ is rà µunità µd with Big, thà µ lovà µ of hà µr lifà µ, whà µn hà µ at last rà µalizà µs hà µ cant livà µ without hà µr. Nà µvà µrthà µlà µss, thà µsà µ convà µntional outcomà µs do not changà µ thà µ fact that thà µ sà µrià µs as a wholà µ was prà µdicatà µd on thà µir bà µing singlà µ. Thà µ widà µsprà µad popular succà µss of Sà µx and thà µ City and Ally McBà µal suggà µsts that tà µlà µvision has found yà µt anothà µr way to à µxploit womà µn, by crà µating a stà µrà µotypà µd imagà µ of a succà µssful, indà µpà µndà µnt, but unhappy fà µmalà µ who is prà µoccupià µd, if not obsà µssà µd, with finding hà µr husband Mr. Right. Although TV dramas abandonà µd thà µ old imagà µ of womà µn as wivà µs and housà µkà µÃ µpà µrs, thà µy still fail to adà µquatà µly portray thà µm as indà µpà µndà µnt and happy, dà µspità µ thà µir involvà µmà µnt in pà µrsonal rà µlationships and having a man by thà µir sidà µ. Tim à µxploration of gà µndà µr rolà µs is à µnablà µd by changà µs in thà µ rà µgulatory rà µgimà µ of tà µlà µvision as a consà µquà µncà µ of digital convà µrgà µncà µ. It has movà µd closà µr to thà µ frà µÃ µdoms à µnjoyà µd by thà µ print mà µdia and thà µ Intà µrnà µt as comparà µd to thà µ sà µnsitivity to rà µligious vià µws historically shown by thà µ tà µlà µvision nà µtworks. This à µnablà µs Sà µx and thà µ City to à µxploit fully thà µ glossy womà µn's magazinà µs' consumà µrist approach to sà µxuality. In this rà µspà µct, such shows as Ally McBà µal and Sà µx and thà µ City has movà µd a long way from thà µ kind of family-cà µntà µrà µd sitcoms that havà µ prà µviously dominatà µd thà µ nà µtwork schà µdulà µs. Linking gà µndà µr motifs with thà µ TV sitcom has providà µd thà µ nà µcà µssary spacà µ to furthà µr à µxploit gà µndà µr, racà µ, and class issuà µs.
Tuesday, November 5, 2019
Oswald Boelcke - World War I Ace
Oswald Boelcke - World War I Ace Oswald Boelcke - Childhood: The fourth child of a schoolteacher, Oswald Boelcke was born May 19, 1891, in Halle, Germany. A rabid nationalist and militarist, Boelckes father instilled these viewpoints in his sons. The family moved to Dessau when Boelcke was a young boy and he soon suffered from a severe case of whooping cough. Encouraged to participate in sports as part of his recovery, he proved a gifted athlete taking part in swimming, gymnastics, rowing, and tennis. Upon turning thirteen, he desired to pursue a military career. Oswald Boelcke -Getting His Wings: Lacking political connections, the family took the audacious step of writing directly to Kaiser Wilhelm II with the goal of seeking a military appointment for Oswald. This gamble paid dividends and he was admitted to the Cadets School. Graduating, he was assigned to Koblenz as a cadet officer in March 1911, with his full commission arriving a year later. Boelcke was first exposed to aviation while at Darmstadt and soon applied for a transfer to the Fliegertruppe. Granted, he took flight training during the summer of 1914, passing his final exam on August 15, just days after the beginning of World War I. Oswald Boelcke -Breaking New Ground: Immediately sent to the front, his older brother, Hauptmann Wilhelm Boelcke, secured him a position in Fliegerabteilung 13 (Aviation Section 13) so that they could serve together. A gifted observer, Wilhelm routinely flew with his younger brother. Forming a strong team, the younger Boelcke soon won an Iron Cross, Second Class for completing fifty missions. Though effective, the brothers relationship caused issues within the section and Oswald was transferred out. After recovering from a bronchial illness, he was assigned to Fliegerabteilung 62 in April 1915. Flying from Douai, Boelckes new unit operated two-seat observation aircraft and was tasked with artillery spotting and reconnaissance. At the beginning of July, Boelcke was selected as one of five pilots to receive a prototype of the new Fokker E.I fighter. A revolutionary aircraft, the E.I featured a fixed Parabellum machine gun which fired through the propeller with the use of an interrupter gear. With the new aircraft entering service, Boelcke scored his first victory in a two-seater when his observer downed a British plane on July 4. Switching to the E.I, Boelcke and Max Immelmann began attacking Allied bombers and observation aircraft. While Immelmann opened his score sheet on August 1, Boelcke had to wait until August 19 for his first individual kill. On August 28, Boelcke distinguished himself on the ground when he rescued a French boy, Albert DePlace, from drowning in a canal. Though DePlaces parents recommended him for the French Legion dHonneur, Boelcke instead received the German life-saving badge. Returning to the skies, Boelcke and Immelmann began a scoring competition which saw them both tied with six kills by the end of the year. Downing three more in January 1916, Boelcke was awarded Germanys highest military honor, the Pour le MÃ ©rite. Given command of Fliegerabteilung Sivery, Boelcke led the unit in combat over Verdun. By this time, the Fokker Scourge that had begun with the arrival of the E.I was coming to a close as new Allied fighters such as the Nieuport 11 and Airco DH.2 were reaching the front. To combat these new aircraft, Boelckes men received new aircraft while their leader stressed team tactics and accurate gunnery. Passing Immelmann by May 1, Boelcke became Germanys preeminent ace after the formers death in June 1916. A hero to the public, Boelcke was withdrawn from the front for a month on the Kaisers orders. While on the ground, he was detailed to share his experiences with German leaders and aid in the reorganization of the Luftstreitkrfte (German Air Force). An avid student of tactics, he codified his rules of aerial combat, the Dicta Boelcke, and shared them with other pilots. Approaching the Aviation Chief of Staff, Oberstleutnant Hermann von der Lieth-Thomsen, Boelcke was given permission to form his own unit. Oswald Boelcke -The Final Months: With his request granted, Boelcke began a tour of the Balkans, Turkey, and the Eastern Front recruiting pilots. Among his recruits was the young Manfred von Richthofen who would later become the famed Red Baron. Dubbed Jagdstaffel 2 (Jasta 2), Boelcke took command of his new unit on August 30. Relentlessly drilling Jasta 2 in his dicta, Boelcke downed ten enemy aircraft in September. Though achieving great personal success, he continued to advocate for tight formations and a team approach to aerial combat. Understanding the importance of Boelckes methods, he was permitted to travel to other airfields to discuss tactics and share his approaches with German fliers. By the end of October, Boelcke had run his total to 40 kills. On October 28, Boelcke took off on his sixth sortie of the day with Richthofen, Erwin BÃ ¶hme, and three others. Attacking a formation of DH.2s, the landing gear of BÃ ¶hmes aircraft scraped along the upper wing of Boelckes Albatros D.II severing the struts. This led the upper wing to detach and Boelcke fell from the sky. Though able to make a relatively controlled landing, Boelckes lap belt failed and he was killed by the impact. Suicidal as a result of his role in Boelckes death, BÃ ¶hme was prevented from killing himself and went on to become an ace before his death in 1917. Revered by his men for his understanding of aerial combat, Richthofen later said of Boelcke, I am after all only a combat pilot, but Boelcke, he was a hero. Dicta Boelcke Try to secure the upper hand before attacking. If possible, keep the sun behind you.Always continue with an attack you have begun.Only fire at close range, and then only when the opponent is properly in your sights.You should always try to keep your eye on your opponent, and never let yourself be deceived by ruses.In any type of attack, it is essential to assail your opponent from behind.If your opponent dives on you, do not try to get around his attack, but fly to meet it.When over the enemys lines, never forget your own line of retreat.Tip for Squadrons: In principle, it is better to attack in groups of four or six. Avoid two aircraft attacking the same opponent. Selected Sources Ace Pilots: Oswald BoelckeFirst World War: Oswald Boelcke
Saturday, November 2, 2019
Sampling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2
Sampling - Essay Example These groups of the elderly are unable to visit a physician. As such, it is important for nursing practitioners to visit them at their home from time to time, such as three times a year to every six weeks in order to improve their compliance to medication and the reduction in exacerbation of the condition of the patients â⬠(Conforti, Hess, Holmboe & Lynn, 2011). Research Hypothesis ââ¬â increase in the number of visits that a nursing practitioner makes to the adult patients suffering from hypertension is an effective strategy in enhancing the capacity of patients to comply with medication as well as reduce the exacerbation of their condition (Cabrita, Costa & Henriques, 2012). Aged patients suffering from hypertension - this covers the context of the research as this group forms the participants of the study, individuals aged fifty years and above, diagnosed with hypertension, and are taking their medication. Medication compliance ââ¬â this refers to the ability of participants to continuously take prescribed medication as well as adhere to the right regiment, as well as failure to stop taking their medication without informing their provider. Exacerbation of the condition of patients - this refers to the worsening conditions of hypertension especially associated with the failure by patients to stick to the prescribed medication (Conforti, Hess, Holmboe & Lynn, 2011). Study sample incorporates men, women aged fifty years, and above, their participation involves diagnosis with hypertension, staying at home, and mobility issues preventing physician visits, and taking of medication. Non-probability sampling is useful in this study sample considering the specificity of the desired sample. Researchers will also use convenience sampling as only the available individuals meeting the requirements and willing to participate will be in use (Cabrita, Costa & Henriques, 2012). Study follows a causal design, as
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